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19 the third row beryl, jasper, and ruby; 20 and the fourth row topaz, onyx, and turquoise.[a] They are to be mounted in gold settings. 21 There are to be twelve stones corresponding to the names of the sons of Israel. Each one shall be like an engraved seal, each with the name of one of the twelve tribes.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 28:20 The specific identification of these gems is uncertain, and translations vary widely. This translation uses names of recognizable modern gemstones even if they might not have the same mineral makeup as the ancient gemstones. The Jewish commentator Ibn Ezra writes, “We have no way to identify what they are, having no tradition to rely on.”